The Science of ETS

All of the studies on ETS are either Epidemiological Studies

Or Meta Analysis Studies.

Conditions required for epidemiological validity

nA study must warrant that its numerical representations of individual lifetime PS exposure recalls are true measures of actual exposures.

nA study must warrant that an exposure recall bias affects cases and control groups, and exposed and non-exposed groups at the same rate.

nA study must warrant that subject selection and misclassification biases affect cases and control groups, and exposed and non-exposed groups at the same rate.

nA study must warrant that known causal confounders affect cases and control groups, and exposed and non-exposed groups at the same rate.

nA study must warrant the accuracy of pathological and diagnostic records.

nThe results from different studies addressing the same subject must be consistently reproducible.

nIn any study, the statistical margin of error of reported risks should reach no less than the 95% level of significance.

nIf the above criteria are met, the results of a study should also be consistent with Hill’s criteria of causality.

nMeta-analysis summations shall not be credible unless performed on the basis of all available studies, which studies also must be of homogeneous design and conduct, and must have met the above criteria of validity.

Note all major studies on ETS have been conducted in smoking households.

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